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A panoramic painting captures all 360 degrees of a scene,〔Comment, Bernard. ''The Painted Panorama.'' New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1999.〕 as viewed from inside the center of the circle. Typically shown in rotundas for viewing, Romantic Era panoramas were intended to be so lifelike that the viewer became confused as to what was real and what was image.〔 ==Creation of the Panorama== The concept of the panoramic painting was conceived by Robert Barker in 1787〔 while he was walking on a hill overlooking Edinburgh, Scotland. He obtained a patent for it in the same year.〔 Barker's vision for the panorama was to capture the magnificence of a scene from every angle, immersing the spectator completely. His goal was to blur the line where art stopped and reality began.〔 Barker's first panorama was of Edinburgh, Scotland.〔 He exhibited the ''Panorama of Edinburgh'' in his house in 1788, but to little success.〔 The first panorama disappointed Barker, not because of its reception, but because it fell short of his vision.〔 The Edinburgh scene was not a full 360 degrees; it was merely semi-circular.〔 After the limited success of his first panorama, Barker and his son, Henry Aston Barker, completed a panorama of London from the Albion Mills.〔 A reduced version was originally shown in their house, and the larger was put on display later.〔 To fulfill his dream of a 360-degree panorama, Barker and his son purchased a rotunda at Leicester Square.〔 ''London from the Roof of the Albion Mills'' christened the new rotunda, all of it.〔 The previous version exhibited at their home, in contrast, measured only .〔 The rotunda at Leicester Square had two levels of different sizes.〔 Spectators observed the scenes from a platform in the center of the rotunda 〔 Thomas, Sophie. "Making Visible: The Diorama, the Double and the (Gothic) subject." ''Gothic Technologies: Visuality in the Romantic Era.'' Ed. Robert Miles. 2005. Praxis Series. 31 January 2010, web: (ARH ).〕 To fully immerse the audience in the scene, all borders of the canvas were concealed.〔 Props were strategically positioned in the foreground of the scene, and two windows were laid into the roof to allow natural light to flood the canvases. These efforts at concealment were done to increase realism to the extent that it was lifted to the fantastical.〔〔 Two scenes could be exhibited in the rotunda simultaneously, however, the rotunda at Leicester Square was the only one to house two panoramas. Houses with single scenes proved more popular.〔 While at Leicester Square, the audience walked down a long, dark corridor to clear their minds after viewing one panorama and before viewing the next.〔 The idea was to have spectators forget what they just saw, leaving their minds blank to view the second scene.〔 Despite the audience's “mind-blanking” walk in the dark, painted panoramas were designed to have a lingering effect upon the viewer.〔 For some, this attribute placed panoramas in the same category as propaganda of the period, namely that it was no more than an illusion meant to deceive.〔 The panorama evolved somewhat, and in 1809, the moving panorama graced the stage in Edinburgh, Scotland.〔Wilcox, Scott. "Panorama." ''Grove Art Online.'' Oxford Art Online. 9 February 2010, web: (OA-87 ).〕 Unlike its predecessor, the moving panorama required a large canvas and two vertical rollers to be set up on a stage.〔 The scene or variation of scenes passed between the rollers, eliminating the need to showcase and view the panoramas in a rotunda.〔 Peter Marshall added the twist to Barker’s original creation, which saw success throughout the 19th century and into the 20th.〔 Despite the success of the moving panorama, Barker’s original vision maintained popularity through various artists including Pierre Prévost, Charles Langlois and Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux among others.〔 The revival of popularity for the panorama peaked in the 1880s after having spread through Europe and North America.〔 Unfortunately, there are no surviving panoramas left. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Romantic-era panoramas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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